tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7909666527504040412024-03-04T21:07:42.908-08:00Evolutionary Bioinformatics Laboratorygcahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07673796326839069331noreply@blogger.comBlogger11125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-790966652750404041.post-61116591950466380902019-10-28T19:01:00.004-07:002019-10-29T20:39:14.359-07:00Tracing history reveals increasing granularity in the community structure of evolving metabolic networksMetabolism is considered a central driving force of matter and energy that controls the most fundamental chemical processes of life. It is driven by enzymes, proteinaceous catalysts that increase the rate of chemical reactions, which under ordinary conditions may not take place in the molecular environment of the cell. In a recent study, Mughal and Caetano-Anollés travel back in time by tracing metabolic evolution using methods of phylogenomic retrodiction. In order to achieve this objective, they updated the metabolic Molecular Ancestry Network (<a href="https://manet.illinois.edu/"><span style="color: #3d85c6;">MANET</span></a>) database, which traces historical information of the structural domains of enzymes when these are defined at the SCOP fold level of structural classification. Since the fold family level of SCOP carries a more informative phylogenetic signal than the fold level, the updated MANET database provides a more accurate depiction of the origins and evolution of metabolism. The update uncovers unanticipated patterns of enzyme recruitment operating at global levels and reveals the gradual rise of hierarchy and community structure in evolving networks. Remarkably, these increasing evolutionary constraints on structure were stronger at lower levels of metabolic organization. Thus, evolving metabolic network structure uncovers a ‘principle of granularity’, an evolutionary increase of the cohesiveness of lower-level parts of a hierarchical system. This principle that has been uncovered in metabolism supports the prediction of Herbert A. Simon, the father of complex systems theory, that "<i>Each of the parts of a nearly-decomposable system has strong internal links among its sub-parts, but the several top-level parts are bound together with each other only by comparatively weak linkages</i>". The weak linkage at higher levels of organization provides the flexibility needed for biological innovation.<br />
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Mughal F, Caetano-Anolles G (2019) MANET 3.0: Hierarchy and modularity in evolving metabolic networks.<span style="font-size: xx-small;"> <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31648227" style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: #3d85c6;">PLoS ONE 14(10):e0224201</span></a></span><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Photo illustration by Fred Zwicky, Illinois News Bureau</span></td></tr>
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<br />gcahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07673796326839069331noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-790966652750404041.post-64012333265622159652019-10-28T12:16:00.000-07:002019-10-28T21:00:07.683-07:00Widespread microbial exchange of genes in our human bodyEvolutionary genomics provides strong support to the notion that the microbes of the human 'microbiome' are swapping genes between them at an extraordinary pace. This widespread genomic exchange carries also memory of its deep history. The findings are the result of a molecular data-mining method that allows to identify instances of 'horizontal gene transfer' (HGT), the direct transfer of genes between organisms outside of sexual or asexual reproduction. Results show that HGT is a major force of exchange of genetic information on Earth and that exchange is massive inside our human bodies.<br />
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The method uses genomic information to build tens of thousands of “family trees” of microbiome bacteria . Reconciling those with trees of microbial genes allowed o tease out which genes had been vertically inherited and which were the result of HGT processes. Besides finding evidence to support earlier findings that human-associated bacteria are quite promiscuous with their genes, the new study revealed that 40% of swapping occurred between microbes living in the same body sites. The other 60% involved gene sharing among bacteria in different tissues, for example between organisms in the gut and in blood. In all cases, gene transfer was most common among closely related organisms, regardless of whether they occupied the same or different bodily tissues. In fact, gene sharing among organisms in different body sites occurred at a higher rate than gene sharing among distantly related bacteria living at the same sites. This interplay between genetic relatedness and physical location of microbes in our body will lead to improve understanding of microbial evolution and the role that microbes play in human makeup.<br />
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Jeong H et al. (2019) Horizontal gene transfer in human-associated microorganisms inferred by phylogenetic reconstruction and reconciliation.<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> </span></span><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-42227-5"><span style="color: #3d85c6;">Scientific Reports 9(1):12173</span></a><br />
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<br />gcahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07673796326839069331noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-790966652750404041.post-56039807057675649132019-10-28T10:44:00.001-07:002019-10-29T20:44:51.186-07:00Viruses are alive!<span style="font-family: inherit;">Viruses are largely made of proteins and nucleic acids. Some like the giant viruses have molecular complexities that resemble the complexities of cells. They can also be as big as small bacterial microbes. While they are unable to replicate they do so inside their cellular hosts and their molecular makeup evolves very much as that of typical living organisms, with the caveat that evolution is faster. While they appear to highjack the host cellular machinery, one can also view the infected cell as part of a complex lifecycle in which 'viro-cells' engage or not in panspermic dispersion of genetic material.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">An analysis of a vast repertoire of 3-dimensional protein structures, called ‘folds’, that are encoded in the genomes of all cells and viruses revealed that the origin of viruses is cellular and very ancient. The identification of all known protein folds in 5,080 organisms representing every branch of the tree of life and 3,460 viruses revealed 442 folds that are shared between cells and viruses and 66 that are unique to viruses. Advanced phylogenomic analysis of this data confirmed the existence of an ancient stem line of descent that is common to cells and viruses. These findings justify placing viruses in a phylogeny of life, a 'tree of life' that now describes the evolution of 4 supergroups, Viruses, Archaea, Bacteria and Eukarya. This changes our current paradigm.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">While the traditional view that viruses are non-living entities has been pervasive, the new massive genomic dataset that supports these studies suggests viruses are part of complex obligatory lifecycles. A study of gene dispersion also reveals viruses spread genetic wealth through our planet using horizontal mechanisms of genetic exchange. We should regard viruses as agents of change extruded by cells, since they promote and spread the generation of useful molecular innovations that are needed to sustain life.</span><br />
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<li>Nasir A, Caetano-Anolles G (2015) A phylogenomic data-driven exploration of viral origins and evolution. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26601271"><span style="color: #3d85c6;">Science Advances 1: e1500527</span></a><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">.</span></span></li>
<li>Malik SS et al. (2017) Do viruses exchange genes across superkingdoms of life? <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29163404"><span style="color: #3d85c6;">Frontiers Microbiology 8: 2110</span></a>.</li>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Artwork illustration by Anson Call, Iowa State University</span></td></tr>
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gcahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07673796326839069331noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-790966652750404041.post-24499285181560152722013-08-27T20:36:00.000-07:002019-10-28T20:56:39.285-07:00The roots of genetics lie on the peptide bond!<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<!--StartFragment--><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Proteins sustain life on our planet, from major biogeochemical cycles
necessary for planetary stability to crucial signaling in brain activities
important for cognition and behavior. Their misfolding results in aggregation
and diseases such as Alzheimers’s or Creutzfeld-Jakob. Their challenge and
deregulation causes pathogenesis and cancer. Despite of their importance, our
knowledge of how this sophisticated machinery was selected to carry biological
functions, the rationale for molecular change, the mysterious origin of the
‘vocabulary’ that shapes genetics (the genetic code) and the evolutionary
drivers of protein structure, have yet to be uncovered. This represents
important omissions in biological knowledge that need to be urgently addressed.
</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;">In a remarkable breakthrough that has been published in PLoS ONE [1] we reveal that the
fundamental molecular principle lies conspicuously not in the nucleic acids but
in the protein chemical bonds. We uncover a new and more primitive code in
pairs of amino acid constituents of proteins that enable protein folding and
flexibility. These dipeptides were initially produced by archaic synthetases that with time transformed into a yin-yang of modern aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases, the modern safekeepers of the genetic code. The new structural code that we have uncovered appears responsible for molecular
innovations.</span><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 11.0pt;"> This changes the focus of molecular biology, from replicators and
genetics to molecular dynamics, emergence and the chemistries of function.</span></span><br />
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Caetano-Anollés G, Wang M, Caetano-Anollés D (2013) Structural phylogenomics retrodicts the origin of the genetic code and uncovers the evolutionary impact of protein flexibility. </span><a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0072225" style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, sans-serif;"><span style="color: #3d85c6;">PLoS ONE 8(8): e72225. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0072225</span></a><br /><ol>
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gcahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07673796326839069331noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-790966652750404041.post-57167950717412434992013-06-06T20:54:00.001-07:002019-10-28T21:15:42.238-07:00The origin of viruses revealed!<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Explaining the origin of viruses remains an important challenge for evolutionary biology. Previous explanatory frameworks described viruses as founders of cellular life, as parasitic reductive products of ancient cellular organisms or as escapees of modern genomes [1]. Each of these frameworks endow viruses with distinct molecular, cellular, dynamic and emergent properties that carry broad and important implications for many disciplines, including biology, ecology and epidemiology. A recent genome-wide structural phylogenomic analysis shows that large-to-medium-sized viruses coevolved with cellular ancestors and have chosen the evolutionary reductive route [2]. </span><br />
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<li>Nasir et al. (2012) Viral evolution: Primordial cellular origins and late adaptation to parasitism.<span style="color: #0b5394;"> <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23550145"><span style="color: #0b5394;">Mob. Genet. Elements 2(5): 247-252.</span></a></span></li>
<li>Nasir et al. (2012) Giant viruses coexisted with the cellular ancestors and represent a distinct supergroup along with superkingdoms Archaea, Bacteria and Eukarya. <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22920653"><span style="color: #0b5394;">BMC Evol. Biol. 12: 156.</span></a></li>
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<span style="background-color: white; line-height: 17px; text-align: left;"><br /></span>gcahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07673796326839069331noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-790966652750404041.post-56723471469728964772013-06-06T19:43:00.000-07:002019-10-28T21:17:02.674-07:00The origin of the ribosome is in mechanics, not protein synthesis<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 17px; text-align: left;">The origin and evolution of modern biochemistry is a complex problem that has puzzled scientists for almost a century. While comparative, functional and structural genomics has unraveled considerable complexity at the molecular level, there is very little understanding of the origin, evolution and structure of the molecules responsible for cellular or viral features in life. The ribosome is the most central macromolecular complex of the cell. It is responsible for protein synthesis and its biosynthetic functions set cells apart from viruses. the origin of this ensemble is mysterious. Proponents of the ancient 'RNA world' postulate that the ribosome was originally an RNA enzyme (a ribozyme) that was responsible for genetics. A recent paper by Harish and Caetano-Anollés (<a href="http://The origin and evolution of modern biochemistry is a complex problem that has puzzled scientists for almost a century. While comparative, functional and structural genomics has unraveled considerable complexity at the molecular level, there is very little understanding of the origin, evolution and structure of the molecules responsible for cellular or viral features in life. The ribosome is the most central macromolecular complex of the cell. It is responsible for protein synthesis and sets cells apart from viruses. the origin of this ensemble is mysterious. Proponents of the ancient 'RNA world' postulate that the ribosome was originally an RNA-only enzyme that was responsible for genetics. A recent paper by Harish and Caetano-Anollés challenge this scenario and the possible existence of an RNA world. Recent efforts, however, have dissected the emergence of the very early molecules that populated primordial cells. Deep historical signal was retrieved from a census of molecular structures and functions in thousands of nucleic acid and protein structures and hundreds of genomes using powerful phylogenomic methods. Together with structural, chemical and cell biology considerations, this information reveals that modern biochemistry is the result of the gradual evolutionary appearance and accretion of molecular parts and molecules. These patterns comply with the principle of continuity and lead to molecular and cellular complexity. Here, we review findings and report possible origins of molecular and cellular structure, the early rise of lipid biosynthetic pathways and components of cytoskeletal microstructures, the piecemeal accumulation of domains in ATP synthase complexes and the origin and evolution of the ribosome. Phylogenomic studies suggest the last universal common ancestor of life, the 'urancestor', had already developed complex cellular structure and bioenergetics. Remarkably, our findings falsify the existence of an ancient RNA world. Instead they are compatible with gradually coevolving nucleic acids and proteins in interaction with increasingly complex cofactors, lipid membrane structures and other cellular components. This changes the perception we have of the rise of modern biochemistry and prompts further analysis of the emergence of biological complexity in an ever-expanding coevolving world of macromolecules.">PLoS ONE 7 (3): e32776, 2012</a>) challenge this scenario and the possible existence of an RNA world.Deep historical signal was retrieved from a census of molecular structures and functions in thousands of nucleic acid and protein structures and hundreds of genomes using powerful phylogenomic methods. Together with structural, chemical and cell biology considerations, this information reveals that the ribosome is the result of gradual and coordinated evolutionary appearance of molecular parts of RNA and ribosomal proteins. These coevolutionary patterns comply with the principle of continuity and falsify the existence of an ancient RNA world. Instead they are compatible with a model of gradually co-evolving nucleic acids and proteins in interaction with increasingly complex cofactors, lipid membrane structures and other cellular components (Caetano-Anollés et al., <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22210458">J. Mol. Evol. 74 (1-2): 1-34, 2012</a>). This changes the perception we have of the rise of modern biochemistry and prompts further analysis of the emergence of biological complexity in an ever-expanding coevolving world of macromolecules (Caetano-Anollés and Seufferheld, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23615203">J. Mol. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 23 (1-2): 152-177, 2013</a>).</span></span><br />
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gcahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07673796326839069331noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-790966652750404041.post-74158439365386903912011-08-22T21:28:00.000-07:002013-06-06T20:43:50.916-07:00Unraveling LUCA<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The Last Universal Common Ancestor (LUCA) is the primordial organism that gave rise to diversified life. Its make up is embedded in all the genomes that exist today on Earth. A paper by Kyung Mo Kim and Gustavo Caetano-Anollés was recently published in <i>BMC Evolutionary Biology</i> (<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21612591">11:140, 2011</a>), "The proteomic complexity and rise of the primordial ancestor of diversified life". The study describes the proteome of LUCA and makes an account of the structures and functions that are associated with this ancient cellular organism that populated our world about 3 billion years ago.</span><br />
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gcahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07673796326839069331noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-790966652750404041.post-7277688731042661192011-08-22T21:08:00.000-07:002013-06-06T20:43:07.999-07:00Origins of translation and cellular life<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">A paper by Derek Caetano-Anollés, Kyung Mo Kim, Jay E. Mittenthal and Gustavo Caetano-Anollés, "<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">P</span>roteome evolution and the metabolic origins of translation and cellular life<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-small;">", </span>was recently published in the<i> Journal of Molecular Evolution</i> (<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21082171">72: 14-32, 2011</a>). The paper describes phylogenomic efforts to unravel the history of the translation apparatus using information in the structure of protein domains at the fold family level of structural abstraction. Results suggest translation started with metabolic rather than biosynthetic roles and its emergence was linked to the appearance of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases and translation factors. The ribosomal machinery was a later addition. It appeared together with domains needed for the specificity of the genetic code.</span><br />
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<dd style="display: inline; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"></dd>gcahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07673796326839069331noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-790966652750404041.post-4644408591600631092010-06-28T05:51:00.000-07:002013-06-06T20:16:06.814-07:00The catalytic origin of modern molecular functions inferred from phylogenomic analysis of ontological data<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">A paper by Kyung Mo Kim and Gustavo Caetano-Anollés appeared published today in <i>Molecular Biology and Evolution</i> (27: 1710-1733, 2010) that describes the origin and evolution of molecular functions in biology.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The biological processes that characterize the phenotypes of a living system are embodied in the function of molecules and hold the key to evolutionary history, delimiting natural selection and change [1]. They provide direct insight into the emergence, development, and organization of cellular life. However, molecular functions make up a network-like hierarchy of relationships that tell little of evolutionary links between structure and function. For example, Gene Ontology terms represent widely used vocabularies of processes and functions with evolutionary relationships that are implicit but not defined [2]. This new publication uncovers patterns of global evolutionary history in ontological terms associated with the sequence of 38 genomes. These patterns unfold the metabolic origins of molecular functions and major biological transitions that are evident in the evolutionary progression toward complex life [3]. Phylogenies reveal the primordial appearance of hydrolases, transferases, and other enzymatic activities, indicating ancient catalysts were crucial for binding and transport, the emergence of nucleic acids and protein biopolymers, and the communication of primordial cells with the environment. ATPase, GTPase, and helicase activities were the most ancient molecular functions at lower hierarchical levels of ontological complexity. Furthermore, the history of biological processes showed that cellular biopolymer metabolic processes preceded biopolymer biosynthesis and essential processes related to macromolecular formation, energy generation, and signaling.</span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The phylogenomic approach that is described takes the structure and function paradigm to a completely new level of abstraction, demonstrating a ‘metabolic first’ origin of life</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> and the progressive development of protein biosynthetic machinery, transport systems, and regulation. </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The fact that</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> chemosynthesis precedes biosynthesis is remarkable and challenges the existence of an ancient RNA world [4]. Phylogenetic statements are reliable, especially because they are congruent with progressive evolutionary change and phylogenomic inferences derived from protein structure [5]. </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Ultimately, the procedure uncovers patterns in the morphing of function that are unprecedented and necessary for systematic views in biology.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span">1.</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><span class="Apple-style-span">Darwin, C.R. 1859. On the origin of species by means of natural selection. Murray, London.</span><span class="Apple-style-span"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">2.<span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>Ashburner, M., Ball, C.A., Blake, J.A. et al. 2000. Gene Ontology: tool for the unification of biology. Nat Genet 25:25-29.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">3.<span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>Szathmáry, E., Maynard Smith, J. 1995. The major evolutionary transitions. Nature 374: 227-232.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">4.<span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>Gesteland, R.F., Atkins, J.F. 1993. The RNA world. Cold Spring Harbor press, New York.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span">5.</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><span class="Apple-style-span">Caetano-</span><span class="Apple-style-span">Anollé</span><span class="Apple-style-span">s, G., Kim, H.S., Mittenthal, J.E. 2007. The origin of modern metabolic networks inferred from phylogenomic analysis of protein architecture. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104:9358-9363.</span></span><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 11pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
gcahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07673796326839069331noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-790966652750404041.post-23061121619045780902010-04-24T21:04:00.000-07:002013-06-06T20:29:13.947-07:00The ancient history of the structure of ribonuclease P and the early origins of Archaea<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">A new paper by Feng-Jie Sun and Gustavo Caetano-Anollés was published today in BMC Bioinformatics (11: 153, 2010) that describes the ancient history of ribonuclease P. Ribonuclease P is an ancient endonuclease that cleaves precursor tRNA and generally consists of a catalytic RNA subunit (RPR) and one or more proteins (RPPs). It represents an important macromolecular complex and model system that is universally distributed in life. Its putative origins have inspired fundamental hypotheses, including the proposal of an ancient RNA world.</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">To study the evolution of this complex, rooted phylogenetic trees of RPR molecules and substructures were constructed and RPP age was estimated using a cladistic method that embeds structure directly into phylogenetic analysis. The general approach was used previously to study the evolution of tRNA, SINE RNA and 5S rRNA, the origins of metabolism, and the evolution and complexity of the protein world, and revealed here remarkable evolutionary patterns. Trees of molecules uncovered the tripartite nature of life and the early origin of archaeal RPRs. Trees of substructures showed molecules originated in stem P12 and were accessorized with a catalytic P1-P4 core structure before the first substructure was lost in Archaea. This core currently interacts with RPPs and ancient segments of the tRNA molecule. Finally, a census of protein domain structure in hundreds of genomes established RPPs appeared after the rise of metabolic enzymes at the onset of the protein world.</span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">The study provides a detailed account of the history and early diversification of a fundamental ribonucleoprotein and offers further evidence in support of the existence of a tripartite organismal world that originated by the segregation of archaeal lineages from an ancient community of primordial organisms.</span></div>
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gcahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07673796326839069331noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-790966652750404041.post-72551064754190344072010-03-04T11:41:00.000-08:002013-06-06T21:02:16.244-07:00"Evolutionary Genomics and Systems Biology"<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimB_yD2AMiZmj8G9r0dOhAwt1WFtgOnOU6JGf1rXSn2r8rNp1jXCX5JxAqZd1eNaIUGyMDQLZgC40jNKrdvuzo_1KSVTo8W5zEYWtdGIm2s-9WbPn5BRNdaNfbmkfTsigw_YLtiIFDpos/s1600-h/0470195142.jpg" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}"><img alt="" border="0" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5444867785619020242" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimB_yD2AMiZmj8G9r0dOhAwt1WFtgOnOU6JGf1rXSn2r8rNp1jXCX5JxAqZd1eNaIUGyMDQLZgC40jNKrdvuzo_1KSVTo8W5zEYWtdGIm2s-9WbPn5BRNdaNfbmkfTsigw_YLtiIFDpos/s320/0470195142.jpg" style="cursor: hand; cursor: pointer; float: left; height: 320px; margin: 0 10px 10px 0; width: 214px;" /></a><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">From <a href="http://www.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-0470195142.html">Wiley-Blackwell</a></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">A comprehensive, authoritative look at an emergent area in post-genomic science, Evolutionary genomics is an up-and-coming, complex field that attempts to explain the biocomplexity of the living world. Evolutionary Genomics and Systems Biology is the first full-length book to blend established and emerging concepts in bioinformatics, evolution, genomics, and structural biology, with the integrative views of network and systems biology.</span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">-gca lab</span></div>
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